معرفت

This paper employs a descriptive-comparative methodology to examine the points of similarity, difference, and distinction between the Quranic perspective and the empirical findings of embryologists—particularly Keith L. Moore—regarding the description and analysis of the stages of human embryonic development. It implicitly investigates potential conflicts between these two viewpoints. According to the research findings, the Quran describes the creation of human progeny in the maternal womb through five stages: nutfah (sperm drop), ʿalaqah (clinging clot), muḍghah (chewed lump), bone formation and fleshing, and the breathing of the spirit. In contrast, embryologists categorize embryonic development into three stages: the germinal stage (from conception to the third week), the embryonic stage (fourth to eighth week), and the fetal stage (ninth week until birth), with specific characteristics attributed to each phase. While the Quranic and embryological perspectives exhibit considerable similarity in describing the fundamental principles and general stages of embryonic development, differences and distinctions arise concerning the stage of the breathing of the spirit and the delineation of the number of stages. Additionally, potential inconsistencies are suggested between certain Quranic descriptions—such as nutfah amshāj (mixed drops) and muḍghah mukhallaqah wa ghayr mukhallaqah (formed and unformed chewed lump)—and embryological findings. However, these potential conflicts remain speculative and pertain only to secondary aspects of embryonic development, without undermining the scientific miraculousness of the Quran.